Evolution Through Collective Consciousness (University Thesis / Research Paper)

In a world where all physical features change over time, complex events occur within the biosphere creating natural phenomena such as: volcanic activity, sustained meteor collisions, disposition of landmasses, drastic climate changes, volatile weather patterns, and consequential results from organisms inhabiting it – to include but not limited to. The very reason for this is via the evolution of the biosphere itself. Through the Cambrian explosion to the Teritiary age, living organisms evolved through delicate changes within its DNA sequences with resulting drastic physical changes (Coyne 27). Survival of the fittest played a major role in the decisive factors on the features that each species of organisms held (Darwin). From small organisms to the gigantic, a peculiar turn of events occurred that resulted in an evolved primate, the hominids (Libaw 27 - 275). On this ever-changing world, one thing remained constant, which is the consistency of the variability of changes (Coyne 86 - 110). Species became extinct through the harshness of the planet’s evolution, yet these hominids sustained themselves. Other species maintained while withstanding the respective era’s harshness. A Sense of a collective – subconsciously or consciously - may have helped them sustain perpetuity. Hominids evolved in such a way that was inexplicably different from the rest through their brain functions, according to the human perspective. The natural evolution of consciousness and the physical traits in humanity, both intrinsically distinct, in order to sustain life as a species with the variably drastic changes, were a derivative of this living planetary object’s growth as it traversed through the cosmos with consciousness as the underlying factor in the physical speciation through culture (or collective consciousness), which was carried down through the lineage of evolution.

Consciousness
The International Dictionary of Psychology does not give a clear and straightforward definition of consciousness due to the phenomenal aspects of consciousness itself (Chalmers 4 - 7).
Consciousness: The having of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; awareness. The term is impossible to define except that are unintelligible without a grasp of what consciousness means. Many fall into the trap of confusing consciousness with self-consciousness – to be conscious it is only necessary to be aware of the externals world. Consciousness is a fascinating but elusive phenomenon: it is impossible to specify what it is, what it does, or why it evolved. Nothing worth reading has been written about it. (Sutherland 1989) (Chalmers 3)
Consciousness is the experience an organism – both complex and simple – has with the environment. There are several categories of consciousness such as: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, taste, hot and cold, pain, other bodily sensations (like the experience felt when we need to urinate), mental imagery, conscious thought, emotions, and a sense of self (Chalmers 6 – 11). According to Daniel C. Dennett, it can be divided into three parts: external experiences, internal experiences, and emotion (45). A sense of the collective (as we will discuss later) is also a form of consciousness seen in a flock of pelicans flying. The ability to utilize each other’s aerodynamics, flying in a “V” formation, lowers their heart rate, allows them to glide more often, which result in less energy use, and communicate with each other. (BBC). Instinct itself is a form of consciousness through subconscious acts.
Understanding it along the terms of experience an organism has, let us look at one of the most basic life forms. Bacterium contains plasmids – DNA molecules –, which can replicate independently of the main bacterial DNA and are transferred from one bacterium to another during mating (Bailey 60). Bacteria replicate itself through division of a preexisting cell or through a sexual process between two cells (McGraw-Hill 502). The experience of interacting between two cells should act as a clue on the ontology of consciousness. Both cells must touch each other in order for such a process to occur (touch being a form of consciousness). Variation in the bacteria occurs during cell division. It is known that these cells divide at different times (McGraw-Hill 502). If they divide or reproduce at different times, each independent cell is experiencing their own bacterial life. The average population of the bacteria is constant so long as the environment does not undergo changes. A common dispute amongst scholars is the natural environmental changes on earth affecting bacterial reproduction and morphology. Another method in their morphology is due to a culture’s population, which are both common in bacterial cultures as well as in nature (McGraw-Hill 502 – 503).
Moving briefly towards a more complex type of organism, a fish heavily depends on light. Generally speaking, their visual organs allow them to determine a predator when it confronts one. They also allow them to grasp a sense of orientation when swimming and help them recognize a school of fish of the same species. Many of their activities, especially diurnally, solely depend on the amount of illumination (Delbeek). These traits alone show evidence of a certain level of consciousness. Sight and their sensitivity to light draw their perspective of their world. A sense of touch that allows their fins to keep their balance as their sight gives them their orientation. Consciousness, through sense of touch in fishes, is a little tricky to comprehend. They are constantly touching the water like land animals are constantly touching air, but can manipulate through the their medium of existence like a bird conquering the air.
In a more specific one, the clown fish, with its symbiotic relationship with sea anemones, live in a hierarchy of dominance. The female, which is larger and more aggressive, is found at the top. Multiple clown fish may live in a single sea anemone. If by natural chance the female dies, one of the more dominant males become a female (Ianni 1 - 2). In the case of these hermaphroditic fish, without a level of consciousness, their male to female transformation would be impossible.
With evolution leading towards our human perspective, consciousness is currently a phenomenal idea. To be conscious is on a higher degree of what other organisms may have, down the origin of our evolved lineage. To be able to extensively think about thoughts, humanity has been able to accomplish things insurmountable in the sustainment of life – human perspective. But with a more complex organism comes more complex problems to face. A highly debatable example problem is global warming (National 1 - 13).
Thinking about the basic understanding of some of the lower levels of consciousness, as we can conceptualize through evidence, there is a basic underlying consciousness that all animals share in order to experience and interact with our environment. As does the complexity of the organism undergoes through physical evolutionary changes, so does consciousness itself. The levels it progresses through get deeper or higher (depending on our view optimistically versus pessimistically).

Evolution
Simply put, given time, species change to adapt to their environment and other organisms through natural selection (Coyne 3 – 19). This understanding on the popular belief of evolution is respective to the physical evolution of species. Even in the first entry of the Oxford dictionary the definition is mentioned as such. The second definition, in contrast, is a more comprehensible way of thinking about evolution in terms of consciousness and physicality, which is “gradual development” (“Evolution”). This is stated as a better way because evolution itself does not happen through the physical aspects of species alone. Earth goes through changes over time that is intrinsically evolutionary (Macquarie). Apart from earth, our solar system has gone through such gradual stages all the way out to the universe, which may be indirectly proposed through the Big Bang Theory (Shestople 1 - 5). All of these types of evolution affect one another that the evolved would not see physically but conceptually until science creates technology to record such observations. Although there are physical evidences of earth’s own evolution and the speciation of organisms, there is no physical evidence on explaining why and how consciousness became.
Whether we look at the evolution of the universe through the big bang theory (where the universe started from a singularity and inflated) or ekpyrotic theory (where two three-dimensional universes collide in a four-dimensional space creating them to “stick” which creates our universe), one thing is certain (Steinhardt). All cosmological objects interact with each other through gravity, meteor collisions, galaxies combining, black holes, comets, and other natural cosmic events (Ridpath 186 – 189). These are natural events that happen in space. Every single object affects each other. The gravitational pull of the sun affects earth. Earth’s gravity affects the moon. The moon also affects earth creating our tides (Ridpath 206 – 212). The gravity between two sister galaxies affect their trajectory through space or combining to create a new galaxy (Ridpath 186). Without these objects affecting each other, evolution of life on earth would, in theory, not have occurred. Everything is somehow connected.
When Darwin set out on a voyage aboard a sea vessel, he noted everything that was observed and noticed a connection of the evolution of animal and plant life on earth (Darwin). Species evolved in order to adapt to the environment. The evolution of each particular species also affected different species as prey became predator and predator became prey. It was and still is a vicious evolutionary cycle.



Culture
Culture is the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next (Henslin 38). We can easily understand what a culture is by applying this concept to the different nations of the world. Another application of culture would be subcultures within a dominant culture, like city life in the United States of America. In contrast to that, there is also a farming life. The passing down from one culture to the next generation of children is intangible. They exist in order to strengthen social bonds and general rules for behavior that they could not have developed themselves (Mohum 284). It appears to be a phenomenon in determining one’s sense of self and the behavior to adapt to their environment. When two or more cultures interact with each other, several things occur: culture shock (a disorientation an individual or society feels when introduced to another culture), cultural leveling (process of which the participating cultures become similar to one another), and can lead to cultural wars (Henslin 38 – 62). It is easy to understand a culture when applying it to human societies due to our own perspective view, but let us look at another animal and how it applies to them.
Two groups of chimpanzees were studied – forest and savanna habitats. In the forest, nomadic groups of both sexes and diverse ages lived with one or more males. Age and sex classes typically come together. In contrast, the savanna chimpanzees consist of mothers, adults, and males, whom lead the group in their nomadic life (Suzuki 274). Their environment, although both being chimpanzees, determined their social behavior. Both had two distinct cultures due to the differences in their habitat, but they are still chimpanzees.
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh, a primatologist, worked with a primate, the Bonobo. These species only live in the Congo. The Bonobo’s have an egalitarian and epithetic society. Her findings showed that our biology is not the only underlying factor for what we are today; her studies were centered on culture. These Bonobo’s bipedal gate is very similar to that of humans. They spend most of their life walking bipedelly. The understanding of human language was trained to them. These Bonobo’s learned human behavior and soon tried to communicate with the observers through art (chalk and floor). One Bonobo was taught how to play the harmonica, and once the Bonobo learned how to make a sound, she started to teach her children. The researchers themselves are learning how to communicate with them through high pitch sounds and vice versa. It is through culture that such an understanding and learning can occur (Savage-Rumbaugh).

Culture & Reality
Humanity has a peculiar way on how they understand and interact with their habitat. The existence of money, for instance, is plainly a piece of paper with no natural value. In order for money to have value, humanity must believe it to be such. Collective intentionality – or a cooperative behavior – is a biologically primitive phenomenon (Searle 23 – 27). It is hard to grasp this idea, at first, because of a misconception that there is something higher than us that controls our behavior. In the sociological perspective, we are affected by our external stimuli, but we ultimately have to make our own choices. To understand collective intentionality (or collective consciousness) a little bit more, think of a group of five individuals (g1, g2, g3, g4, and g5). Every one of these individuals makes a group (g). So a function to understand this entire idea mathematically is: g = g1 + g2 + g3 + g4 + g5. Now, if there were an idea that was given to g1 by an outsider of the group, the equation would look as follows: g + i = g1 + g2 + g3 + g4 + g5 + i. Seeing this new equation with idea (i), things get a little bit interesting. The idea is not part of any individual and the group. So the question then is raised. How can we have it part of the group? Mathematically, in order for it to be a part of the group, it must be a part of every individual. So we will multiply the idea to the equation instead of adding it: gi = gi1 + gi2 + gi3 + gi4 + gi5. This new equation clearly shows that the idea must exist with every individual for it to exist in the group. A reason to explain how each individual integrated the idea is through the evolution of thought. A good example would be when humanity realized the world was round as opposed to being flat in the Copernicus era (citation). If one person has an idea and the rest of the group does not accept it, the idea itself is null and void. However, if everyone accepts it, the idea becomes functional and real. This type of institutional fact is what holds the idea of money together (Searle 31 - 57). Not everyone believes in money, yet there are sanctions that still enforce a person to use it. These sanctions are institutional facts created by social intentionality (Searle 51).
The greater force of culture itself should be viewed as a collective intentionality. It is a hidden force that drives a particular society in believing what is reality (Searle 23 – 24). In Hindu India, a caste – also known as varnas – is the primary social system that governs them (Mohum 262). Caste systems are a form of social stratification where an individual’s status is ascribed at birth. In contrast to such system, the United States of America has a class system in place, which allows social mobility according to an individual’s internal motivation (Heslin 242). Neither of them is right over the other, ethnocentrically, but through culture relativism (trying to understand another culture while maintaining the beliefs of the current culture), this can lead to a bias judgment of right and wrong (Henslin 38 – 41).
Relating our equation to the beliefs of an American society (A) and that of an Indian society (I), we will see two different equations form.
gA = gA1 + gA2 + gA3 + gA4 + gA5
gI = gI1 + gI2 + gI3 + gI4 + gI5

Both cultures use money as well. Let us apply the idea of money (m) to our two new equations.
gmA = gmA1 + gmA2 + gmA3 + gmA4 + gmA5
gmI = gmI1 + gmI2 + gmI3 + gmI4 + gmI5

As we can see, if we compare both equations, there are three underlying principles of similarity. Both equations have a group of humans, which are composed of individuals that have an idea of money. They are not the same equations though because one is American and the other is Indian (or culture values). This explains that culture (or collective intentionality) defines an individual’s experience and perspective of reality. (Experience was intentionally mentioned to relate consciousness to culture.)
A culture is a group of individuals experiencing the same ideas and behaviors. Whether they are conscious or subconscious about it, the experience is still there. We must grasp this idea in order to build the foundation of understanding the thesis of this paper. Looking into that sentence alone, we, shows a construction of reality between the writer and the reader. If the reader does not agree with the paper, it will be just an idea. If the paper is agreed upon, then both have integrated the idea to their beliefs.

Neuroscience
Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways in order to adapt to experience stimuli. This was found to happen on two primary conditions, which are when an infant begins to process sensory information and to adapt to compensate for loss of function. It has also been found that the environment plays a major role in influencing plasticity which negated the two primary conditions and proved that neurons never stops changing and adjusting (Hoiland). If the environment plays a major role in influencing plasticity, the experience of the environment could be a stimulus that promotes such growth. Jordan Grafman, Ph. D., identified four kinds of plasticity: ‘map expansion’ (occurs largely in the respective areas as a result of brain activity), ‘sensory reassignment’ (occurs when one or more of the senses are blocked), ‘compensatory masquerade’ (occurs when there is more than one way to complete a task), and ‘mirror region takeover’ (occurs when one are of the hemisphere fails resulting on the opposite hemisphere to adapt) (Doidge 276).
Recently, neurogenesis (birth of new neuronal cells) was showed to occur throughout the lifetime of both vertebrates and invertebrates (Wellesley). In the 1980s, Fernando Notebohm, a bird specialist, noticed that songbirds sang a new song each season. After examining the brains, he found that every year they grew more neurons in the area for learning a song (Diodge 250). So if an organism accepted stimulus consciously and/or subconsciously, its brain creates new neurons.
There have been studies that there is a relationship between brain and culture. In the tropical islands in the Burmese archipelago lives a group of nomadic people, the Sea Gypsies. Majority of their life is spent out on the open seas on boats. In fact, they usually learned to swim before they learned to walk. Their children would dive deep into the water in order to gather food (usually clams and sea cucumbers). Whether consciously or subconsciously, they are able to lower their heart rate in order to stay submerged for a longer duration (environment stimuli). What’s more interesting about them is their ability to see clearly at great depths. Anna Gislen, a researcher, found that the Gypsies learned how to change the shape of their lenses and pupils (constricting them 22 percent). Reflexively, the human eye dilates when under water. This shows clear evidence, through Gislen teaching other children the constriction of their pupils to see underwater in her home country, through culture, the brain was significantly modified to adapt to the environment (Doidge 288 - 289).
With the specialists of neuroscience, we have noticed a gradual change in the brain. Many more astonishing findings occur in our quest to understand the human body and consciousness. Not only are there a physical reason for diversity in the human species through culture, but also a neuroscientific reason for such diversity. As cultures start to realize that we belong to a larger culture, humanity, cultural leveling occurs, and the sharing of ideas will, in turn, shape our neural pathways. Cultural leveling will occur in not just the ideals, but in a physical manifestation from what we are today.

Water
Dr. Masaru Emoto, world renowned for experiments with water, researched on how individuals and collective consciousness have a direct effect with water. In his research, we had individuals write positive or negative thoughts (intentions) on a sticker. The stickers were then placed on a bottle containing water from the same source. Over a period of time, the crystallization of the water themselves, when observed during the process of freezing them, resulted different crystallization formations (What). This profound water affect could have several physical explanations, however. The amount of molecules used in the ink when writing the thought, the amount of molecules on the sticker, and the quantum reactions of the forces between all the molecules between the water, container, sticker, and ink.
Another experiment was conducted in his laboratory were a flask of water was placed in the middle of a room with several individuals were asked to think the same positive thought (i.e. love and hate). Several flasks replaced each other as a new thought (positive or negative) was asked to project to the flask. Amazingly, the crystallization of the water was different as well (Spirit). This experiment took away from the number of atoms and their forces theory. It is quite an astonishing find that simple thought can directly influence water.
In a more recent project, Dr. Emoto played the national anthems of several nations (Emoto 2). This shows how culture affects water through the intentions and feelings behind the national anthem. Culture itself directly affects water. Thinking about humanity and the amount of wars between cultures, famine, and other negative events, what would one think on how water is thus being affected? It is a very scary thought as to the times we are currently in. That, however, does not mean there is loss of hope because without despair, hope would not exist (either as a comparative emotion or thought).
If Darwinian evolution is correct, then all life forms originate from water here on earth. In neuroscience alone, as we have looked over briefly, it shows clear evidence that our neuronal pathways evolve (gradual change) due to an individual’s thoughts and culture. How does thought affect non-biological forms other than?

Physics
Quantum particles where observed in the double slit experiment. Particles were shot through a single slit resulting in a single line depression on the opposite wall from where the particles were shot. Scientists then shot these particles through two slits. Considering that these particles were compared to an inanimate object like marbles, the scientists predicted that two lines of depression would result. What they saw had an astonishing result. The opposite wall had a degradation of lines with the strongest at the center and becoming lighter towards the ends (left and right). These results were the same on how waves affect the opposite walls. Due to their scientific curiosity, a measuring device was placed to determine the velocity and actions each particle had. The end result of this experiment showed two depressions on the opposite side of the wall (What). Niels Bohr called this ‘probability waves’ and the equation to describe this effect was called ‘wave equation’. The act of observing them alone changes the behavior of the particles. It was as if these particles were conscious of us being conscious about their behavior (Mindell 178 – 182).
There are four underlying properties that pose dilemma’s in our logical thoughts with physics: a quantum object can exist at two places at the same time (wave property), they cannot exist unless we observe them (collapse of the wave), a quantum can disappear at one location and appear at another simultaneously (the quantum jump), and a manifestation of one quantum object, due to observing it, affects its twin object no matter what distance (quantum action-at-a-distance) (Goswami 9). We have a very important role in the existence of our physical reality more than we know. This information are known properties by scientists, and as the progression of thought and it’s evolution through the collective (or culture), so to does this thought evolve using language (through numbers, words, poetry, or art) as the primary means of transportation from one person to another. Individualistic efforts in understanding our world around us have a direct (or indirect) correlation of the collective.
The theory of relativity (which describe the relationship between different frames of references) happens not only in the physical nature (Mindell 256).
It also exists in our world today through culture (ethnocentrism or culture relativism). A well-known example of the theory of relativity (respective to physics) is a person standing in a train going 40 miles-per-hour and a person standing at a train station. Both are standing, but have different velocities. If the individual in the train walks two miles-per-hour, the additive nature would be 42 miles-per-hour according to the individual at the train station, but the person on the train would only notice himself walking two miles-per-hour (Mindell 256 – 258). There is a whole deal of consciousness going on here. The experience of each person and their calculation on the speed solely depends on each other’s observation. If the person on the train did not have a reference to observe that the train was moving, it would not have been known it was moving. The references could be the sensation of the train moving, watching objects pass by while looking out the window, or simply being told that the train was moving by someone else who knows. Our environment changes and acts as a stimulus for a point of reference. This information is shared through written and oral history (Moyer 1 - 16).
In this generation of knowledge seekers, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been successfully built under the border of France and Switzerland, which has been two decades at the making. With this device, scientists all around the world are collectively trying to answer questions that have been left unanswered due to technological restrictions (Lincoln 1 – 29). Our experience with this device will, in theory, provide us answers to the unexplained. There is a lot going on in the scientific method. In a nutshell, we must first provide a problem, relate the problem to what we know and make a hypothesis (based on our experiences), conduct the experiment (experience the experiment), and record the results. All of this is a conscious act on understanding the physical world around us, but the conscious act is not stressed as much as it should be.

Culture and Evolution
Now that we have a good foundation of evolution, culture, and some scientific findings, let us try to understand how they relate to each other. It takes one or two in order to create another bacteria. Somehow, through biological means, two is dominantly seen throughout all known animals (or through the lineage of our evolution). Something within natural selection noticed the need for two, or something within the organisms themselves noticed that in order to survive two is needed. The bacteria also needed to ensure its population. They relied on one another in order to sustain life. A collective form of self grew. Male and female (or two sexually opposites) could well have evolved through the fact that two is needed (whether consciously, environmentally, or a symbiosis of both). Had their been three needed to create another, our reality as we know it would probably consist of three sexes.
Looking at the evolution of society, we started at a hunting and gathering society and transformed into a postindustrial society (Henslin 153). If we started as a hunting and gathering society, then primates should have a hunting and gathering society as well. The social behaviors of primates show distinct similarities on having such a society (Boese 205 – 230). There is much work to determine if the evolutionary lineage tree has the same culture evolving through the species. For the sake of this paper, we will go into a hypothetical concept.
Applying culture through a somewhat Darwinian perspective, if organism A (with a lower level of consciousness) had environmental stimuli that it needed to overcome in order to survive, A would evolve to B. The ideas and beliefs (culture) of A, however, would not just disappear. It would still be carried on to B (i.e. monkeys to hominids). But since B has new evolved features, B would have new functions resulting on ideas/beliefs on how to use them (subconsciously or consciously). The evolution of physicality, thought, and consciousness has thus progressed due to environmental stimuli.
Looking a bit deeper into the very essence of A, it would have to be conscious of the environmental change to some extent. If a single A was conscious of the change, then that A would survive (survival of the fittest), but for A to be conscious of it alone, nothing would happen. It can then be thought that a single A can have such an experience and reproduce with another A that doesn’t, or other A’s learning of the new environmental stimuli. Through reproduction, hypothetically speaking, the behavior is carried down in the progression of thought (instinctual or non-instinctual) and a certain level of consciousness. When there is enough of species A to be conscious of the environmental stimuli, a culture is born (shared ideas, consciousness, and beliefs), which still results in a collective. This can explain why there would still be evidence of living A’s when there is a distinct B.
The act of thought alone, through findings in physics and neuroscience, changes self-structure (brain) and water structure. If enough of species A had a single thought, their collective thought could have changed the arrangement of their water-based life. When B derives from A, B now needs to fully experience and understand their new features before they can understand the new environmental stimulus. Until a subgroup or the entire species of B collectively understands their essence of being and the stimulus, there will be no evolution. Because A is different from B (consciously and culturally/collectively), but B is a derivative of A in both culture and physical evolution. Imagining the progression from A to Z, we can understand, although a bit abstract, how Z is ultimately a derivative of A physically and consciously.

Theoretical Problems
If consciousness is the driving force of evolution, we can contemplate what sort of consciousness created bacteria. If earth is living, it too has a form of consciousness. Then a chain of questions arises like what sort of consciousness evolved earth, the solar system, and the universes. Hopefully, as we search for truth, there will be an understanding of this theory. Or perhaps studying the concept of infinity alone would bring us closer to such an understanding. This is not to take sides between religion and science. It is just a problem that science and religion already has which adds to the debate of both sides. Only through the evolution of thought will we find a truth to the underlying nature of reality.

Worldview
Everything is connected. From bacteria to the human species in both evolved physical traits and consciousness. When understanding cultural clashes and wars, it explains much of what is going on between nations. Cultural leveling has a very volatile affect. Although it is harsh, it is natural. Contemplating about two galaxies intertwining to become one is a very erratic environment, but in due time both galaxies will level out and a new balance will be formed. There are more cultures other than nations that are at play such as: religious, education (departmentally), sexes, rich v. poor, and uneducated v educated to name a few. When all cultures are finally leveled, the progress of humanity will spike both technologically and physiologically. The writing of thesis alone would not have been possible had several of the education fields not been conceptually related with each other (in respects to cultural leveling). The collective consciousness exists, but if utilized correctly, unfathomable feats will occur exponentially in science, humanity, and with our planet.

Conclusion
When an organism’s collective consciousness becomes aware of an environmental stimulus, evolution will occur. The culture (collective intentionality) will be carried on to the newer species. As the species understand the use of the evolved physical trait, so to does their culture. And the cycle continues all the way up to humanity. Through culture, evolution is occurring before our eyes in such a way – which is impacting humanity (the greater collective conscious) – that it remains hidden from our five senses. Not only do we have to thank our hominid ancestors for who we are now (physically, consciously, and culturally), but thank the universe, earth, and the bacteria.









































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